Understanding menstrual cramps: Types, causes, and when to seek help

HEALTH
Understanding menstrual cramps: Types, causes, and when to seek help

Menstrual cramps, medically referred to as dysmenorrhea, are a common experience for many girls and women during their menstrual cycle.

While the intensity and nature of cramps vary widely, understanding the different types can help individuals better manage their symptoms and seek appropriate support.

Below, are the various types of menstrual cramps, their causes, and their potential impacts.

1. Primary Dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea refers to common menstrual cramps that are not associated with any underlying medical condition.

These cramps usually begin one to two days before menstruation and may last for two to three days.

They are caused by the release of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that trigger the contraction of the uterine muscles to shed the uterine lining.

2. Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Secondary dysmenorrhea results from an underlying reproductive health condition, such as endometriosis, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Unlike primary dysmenorrhea, these cramps often begin earlier in the menstrual cycle and may persist longer than typical menstrual cramps.

3. Ovulatory Pain (Mittelschmerz)

Ovulatory pain occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, around ovulation. This type of cramp is caused by the release of an egg from the ovary and the accompanying hormonal changes.

4. Prostaglandin-Induced Pain

High levels of prostaglandins can lead to intense uterine contractions, causing severe cramps. This type of pain is common in individuals with heavy menstrual flow.

5. Non-Uterine Pain

Sometimes, what feels like menstrual cramps may originate from other areas, such as the bladder or intestines. Conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or interstitial cystitis can mimic menstrual cramps.

Managing Menstrual Cramps

Managing menstrual cramps effectively often requires a combination of approaches tailored to the individual’s needs:

Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management can help alleviate symptoms.

In addition, applying a heating pad to the lower abdomen can relax muscles and reduce pain.

Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen can help, but persistent or severe pain may require prescription treatments.

When to Visit the Doctor

While menstrual cramps are common, certain situations warrant medical attention. You should consult a doctor if your cramps are so severe that they disrupt your daily life.

A person may be required to see a doctor if she experience symptoms such as heavy bleeding, unusual discharge, or fever.

In case pain persists beyond menstrual period or occurs irregularly, then a person will be advised to see a doctor.

It is important to acknowledge that menstrual cramps are not limited to cisgender women. Transgender men, non-binary individuals, and others who menstruate can also experience these symptoms.

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